Thursday, July 10, 2008

50 Ways To Boost Your Brain Power

1) MeditateMeditation has been known to increase IQ, relieve stress, and promotes higher levels of brain functioning. Meditation also activates the “prefrontal cortex” of the brain, an area responsible for advanced thinking ability and performance.

2) Draw A Picture — Drawing stimulates the right-hemisphere of the brain and inspires creativity. Get out the colored pencils and begin drawing your way to a powerful brain.

3) Exercise — Long-term exercise has been proven to increase brain power and even create new neurons in the brain. Go out and get a natural high off of your own brain chemistry through exercise!

4) Brainwave Entrainment — Brainwave entrainment is a safe, innovative way to stimulate and shape the brain and it’s functioning. You can literally build up more control over your life and harness your brain’s potential!

5) Avoid Junk Food – Junk food has been proven to decrease energy in the body and promotes “brain fog.” Cut some junk food from your diet, and reap the benefits of a more calm, focused brain chemistry.

6) Deep Breathing — Deep breathing actually increases oxygen levels and blood-flow to the brain. 10-15 minutes of daily deep breathing can make a huge difference in the quality of your life and brain’s functioning potential.

7) Learn A New Language — Learning adds more structure to the brain and improves the brain’s speech centers. Hablas espanol? It may be time for you to take a class or program to supplement your job-skills and brain power!

8) Take Fish OilFish oil supplements are literally like membrane material for the brain. The 2 primary components of EPA and DHA each act to strengthen both the emotional center of the brain and boost focus. There is an increase in overall brain activity after taking fish oil for awhile.

9) Laugh It Up — Laughter causes a natural release of the brain’s endorphins — chemicals that drown out pain and increase overall wellbeing. Laughter is a well known, natural stress reducer. Watch a comedy, crack a joke, and increase those endorphin levels!

10) Engage In Debate — A good, healthy debate strengthens the brain’s ability to think quickly and apply intelligence to verbal situations. Work to build up your brain power by engaging in plenty of healthy debate. Just ask someone who they are voting for in the presidential election and you’ll definitely provoke a debate!

11) Take A Multivitamin — Vitamins are great for the brain, and if it does not get enough of a certain vitamin through daily diet, consider a multivitamin. Multivitamins help facilitate the functioning of a healthy body and enriched brain. Start popping a vitamin each morning for awhile and chances are good that you’ll notice a difference!

12) Drink Red Wine — Alcohol in moderation has been proven to be good for the brain. Why? It is rich in antioxidants — chemicals that actually protect the brain! One glass daily for women and two for men is generally considered a healthy amount.

13) Eat Healthy — You know what ‘healthy’ is, so why not eat healthy and improve your brain? The brain requires a certain amount of energy to reach it’s maximum level of functioning. Eating chocolate cake and chips instead of fish and legumes, well maybe that’s why you cannot think clearly.

14) Change Your Environment — To keep your brain properly stimulated, it is important to keep changing your environment. Drive a new route to work, eat at a new restaurant on Friday night. Changing the environment helps change the brain!

15) Set Goals — Setting goals activates areas of the brain associated with positive thinking and action. Setting goals is great for achieving success and prosperity in life and boosting your brain.

16) Listen To Music — Studies have proven that listening to music strengthens the right-hemisphere of the brain and literally changes the structure. Those same studies have found that people who listen to music are generally smarter and have more emotional intelligence than those who don’t.

17) Be Empathetic — Being empathetic and trying to understand the emotions of others is a skill that your brain can learn. Being empathetic is definitely a powerful trait to have and allows your brain to relate to the emotions of others.

18) Avoid Stress — A little bit of stress will never hurt anybody. Too much stress actually causes detrimental increases in the hormone “cortisol” which in high levels, kills brain cells and suppresses brain functioning.

19) Think Positive — If you are currently very good at thinking positively, chances are good that you already have a more powerful brain than those “Negative Nellies.” Take 10 minutes daily to think more positive and start noticing an improvement in thinking abilities and problem solving skills.

20) Brainstorm — A good brainstorming session to think of new, stimulating ideas is a great way to boost your brains ability to think creatively. Brainstorming is actually a different way of thinking that will equip your brain with a quick creative boost.

21) Write An Article — Writing is linked to an improved memory and expression of thoughts. When you write, you are strengthening your brain’s natural ability to convey thoughts and feelings. Writing is a great way to exercise your ability to analyze and build a thought process with critical thinking. Journals, diaries, blog entries, and writing stories are phenomenal ways to fulfill your brain.

22) Visualize — Visualization has been associated with focus at a deeper level. Many successful athletes that are able to play “in the zone” actually visualize their game at a deeper level. Visualization has been linked to lowered stress, increased creativity, and peak mind-body performance.

23) Get Some Sleep — Be sure to always fulfill your brain’s need for sleep. Sleep clears out mental clutter and unimportant thoughts. Getting a good night’s sleep can also be the difference between a sharp memory and feeling forgetful. Everyone has different sleep requirements, be sure to fulfill yours! If you don’t get enough sleep — you may want to take a nap…

24) Do Self-Hypnosis — The power of hypnotic suggestion is definitely real. You can change aspects of your thought process and learn to shift your focus by taking the time to do some self-hypnosis. Hypnosis research shows that by practicing hypnosis, an individual experiences lowered stress, increased pain tolerance, and clear thinking. Try it out for yourself if you haven’t already!

25) Do Crossword Puzzles — Crossword puzzles bring out your brain’s ability to critically think and recall past memories. The challenge of completing crossword puzzles is definitely mentally invigorating and stimulating. If you enjoy reading the newspaper, be sure to check out the daily crossword puzzles section and build up that brain power!

26) Eat Nuts — Brazil and South American University students swear by eating nuts before taking exams. They notice that eating them is correlated with an increase in test scores. New studies are beginning to prove nuts effectiveness at increasing brain power. If you do not eat a lot of nuts, try it sometime and reap the brain related benefits!

27) Read Books — Reading books teaches your brain to adapt to absorb large amounts of information in shorter periods of time. Books challenge your thinking abilities and memorization skills, as well as boost vocabulary and critical thinking skills. Not only do you learn something from reading a book, but your brain power increases as you build up the book load.

28) Listen To Classical Tunes — Listening to classical music activates the left hemisphere of the brain, which is why classical music usually helps students do better in mathematics and writing. If you haven’t yet tried listening to some Mozart, consider it! Mozart has been linked to an 80 % increase in spatial intelligence scores!

29) Play “Brain Age” — New games like “Brain Age” for the nintendo DS and Big-Brain Academy help promote quick thinking and essential brain skills. These games work wonderful for improving thinking speed and natural problem solving skills. I’ve had a chance to play these games before and I can personally vouch for their effectiveness!

30) Take A Nap – Taking a nap has been proven through research to significantly improve task-performance and thinking abilities. If you are feeling tired throughout the day and have time to take a quick nap, it is recommended. Naps are a wonderful refresher and quick little mental booster.

31) Turn Off The T.V. – Watching T.V. may not be the only reason which rotting begins in the brain, but it is a key ingredient to the rotting process. A little T.V. will never hurt anybody, but it does definitely change brain functioning. The act of watching T.V. slows brainwaves and causes a decline in brain fitness.

32) Paint A Picture — Being able to visualize where you want paint to go on paper sparks pure creativity from within. Painting is an exercise that gets the right-brain fully functioning and improves your creative side. If you haven’t tried painting a picture, give it a shot and notice that you’re likely to feel and be more creative.

33) Start Crying — Don’t be afraid to cry when the time is right! Crying actually heals emotions and promotes healthy circulation within the brain. Those who are able to cry are actually cleansing the inside of their brain, which is another very healthy way to increase brain power.

34) Eat Less — Eating too much food has the effect of decreasing blood-flow to the brain and increasing blood-flow to the digestive system. Therefore, if you are able to cut-back on the total amount of food you consume, you will have enhanced brain functioning. In several lab studies, rats on a calorie-restricted diet had increased blood flow to their brains.

35) Eat Breakfast — When kids who hadn’t eating breakfast for awhile, began to eat breakfast, their math grades went up an entire letter grade (on average). Breakfast is probably the most important meal of the day — it provides your body with fuel for the rest of the day. If you don’t have time to eat an entire breakfast in the morning, at least have some sort of snack… It could give your brain a powerful edge!

36) Go For A Walk — Exercise deifnitely benefits the brain, and walking is a great form of exercise that is easy and very effective for boosting brainpower. Walking puts your mind in a relaxed state of clear thought and brain function. Walking gives your brain a chance to wander and free itself from any troubling thoughts.

37) Mimic Others — Being able to mimic other’s actions and talk activates several areas of the brain that are usually inactive. Mimicing others, if done in a fun, playful manner, can improve your brain power and the brain’s natural ability to adapt quickly when faced with new situations.

38) Solve Puzzles — Solving puzzles is a great way to stimulate your brains ability to critically think and process information. Puzzles are thought provoking, challenging, and a fun activity. The great thing about puzzles is that they require activity in the left-hemisphere of the brain to work with, and transfer information to, the right hemisphere’s visual center of the brain. Want a more integrated brain? Solve a puzzle!

39) Do Neurofeedback — Neurofeedback is a great way to learn to consciously control your brain wave patterns. Neurofeedback builds brain structure and helps promote flexibility within a brain’s neural network. Though neurofeedback is somewhat costly, if you’ve got enough money — it may very well be the best investment you can make for your brain!

40) Cut Alcohol Consumption — Alcohol in moderation isn’t terrible for the brain, too much alcohol is damaging to brain health and function. If you want to boost brain power, cutting alcohol is a great way to do it. Alcohol can cause memory problems and encourage “foggy,” disorganized thinking.

41) Live A Drug-Free Lifestyle — Everyone knows that drugs are bad for them. Drugs do not foster creativity, they kill creativity and deplete brain cells. Depending on the drug, effects can range from brain bleeding, to cell loss, to impairments in neural growth. Live drug free and keep your brain more powerful!

42) Drink Fruit Juice — Drinking fruit juice revitalizes the brain and provides cells with a refreshing jolt of nutrients. Great juices to drink include: grape juice, orange juice, cranberry juice, and apple juice. Most juices provide your brain with vital nutrients which in turn, provide you with more mental energy and focus.

43) Be Self-Aware — When you learn to let go of ego-driven and emotional aspects of life, rational thinking kicks in. Rational thinking will allow you to become self-aware, which in turn allows you to make better future decisions to achieve optimal brain health. Activities like meditation, self-hypnosis, and introspection allow us to increase our self-awareness.

44) Take Gingko Biloba — Gingko Biloba has been scientifically researched and documented to significantly increase blood-flow to the brain. Gingko Biloba is a farily inexpensive way to pump up your brain’s blood-flow. Increased bloodflow to the brain is correlated with an increase in focus and problem solving. Try some Gingko Biloba and allow your brain to reap the benefits!

45) Have Sex — Having sex is a great way to naturally release vital hormones in the brain. When involved in a loving relationship, having sex improves social connection as well as emotional intelligence. Sex is connecting, stress-relieving, and a great way to give your brain a boost. Chances are that sex will also improve your confidence and ability to think positively!

46) Drink Caffeine — Research shows that students that drink coffee before exams, have higher scores. Why? Caffeine seems to stimulate activity in the brain, speed up thinking, and improve focus. Too much caffeine is never good as it can cause stress or trigger anger. A little bit, however, may be the ticket to an “A” on your test. Drink some and find out how it affects your focus and thinking abilities!

47) Sniff Some Basil — I personally haven’t tried this method, but there seem to be many claims testifying for Basil’s effectiveness at improving overall brain function. Either way, certain fragrances actually change brain functioning. Taking a whiff of peppermint speeds up brain functioning, while other fragrances actually slow things down! Since scent is the strongest thing tied to memory, some good fragrances can definitely help out brain functioning.

48) Stay In School — If you are in school, chances are good that you will boost your brain power more than the average dropout! Keeping up with school work, means giving your brain a good workout in areas of self-discipline, learning, and mental processing. Stay in school, or do something to always be learning something new!

49) Ask Questions — Asking questions is a phenomenal way to keep your brain in shape. Get in the habit of questioning others and their thoughts. Questions can provoke new thoughts and ideas and asking them is a great way to build up brain power!

50) Re-Read This List – Want to boost your brain power? Start by re-reading this list and highlighting several methods that you can apply to your life. As a matter of fact, print this list out and staple it up someplace that you will view everyday. That way, when walking past the list, you can take a glance and randomly choose an activity to boost your brain power!

Tuesday, July 8, 2008

How To Use CSV Files

Data tables are presented in Comma Delimited, CSV text file format. Although this file format allows for the data table to be easily retrieved into a variety of applications, they are best viewed within one that will allow one to easily manipulate data that is in columnar format. Common examples of such applications are those that are used to create spreadsheets and databases.

If you don't have access to either a spreadsheet or a database application, you can also retrieve the data table file into either an ASCII text-editing or a word-processing application. However, since neither of these two application types has the facility to easily format the width of the data columns, quite a bit of manual reformatting will be required to properly view the data.

Before you save the data table to disk, it is recommended that you view it first to make sure that it contains the data you are interested in.

To View a Data Table

To view a data table, within your browser window, click on the CSV link that is located just to the right of the table name.

Alternatively, you can right-click on the CSV link and then select "Open in New Window." This viewing method is particularly useful if you want to open several tables for viewing at the same time. Simply repeat the steps for each table you want to open for viewing.

File Viewing Tip:
If you find that the table is wider than can be viewed within the width of your screen, use your browser's Search key to locate key information that you are looking for.

To Save a Data Table to Disk

To save a data table to disk, highlight the CSV link, right-click, and then select "Save Target As." Make sure that you save the file as a CSV Text Document.

File Saving Tip:
If you want to save the data table to a diskette, check its file size beforehand to confirm that it will fit on the diskette.

  1. Open the data table for viewing.
  2. Click on File/Properties. (Alternatively, you can right-click anywhere within the table and select "Properties".) Included in the properties displayed will be the file's size.

To Retrieve a Data Table in to a Spreadsheet Application or Import the Data Table into a Database Application

To retrieve the data table into a spreadsheet application, proceed with the steps that you normally go through to open an existing spreadsheet.

To import the data table into a database, create a new table and then import the data table file into the newly created database table.

Note that because the data table is formatted as a CSV Text Document, you may be prompted to set the file import options, which will ensure that the data is properly formatted when the file is retrieved into the spreadsheet or imported into the database table. The key file import options and their associated values are listed in the table below.

Import Option Value
Data Type Comma Delimited
File Origin Windows ANSI
Text Qualifier {"}
Field Delimiter {,}
First Row Field Names

Additionally, please note that null field values may be represented by the phrase "n.a." You may need to replace all instances of "n.a." with a blank field before importing the data table into your spreadsheet/database.

Tips:
  • Once you've retrieved/imported the data table, immediately save it to disk before making any formatting changes. This will avoid the need to reimport it should you run into problems formatting the table. Remember to save the file in the native format of the spreadsheet/database package rather than as a text file.
  • All fields, except those that contain numbers, should be specified as field type = text.
  • Numeric fields that contain "n.a." field values should have a numeric field type. When selecting which numeric field type to use, keep in mind that the field type you select will determine the decimal precision of the field. Decimal precision will, in turn, determine the amount of disk space that is allocated to the data stored in that field. In general, the greater the degree of decimal precision required, the more disk space that is needed to store the field value. If the overall size of the database is of a programmatic concern to you, choose your numeric fields carefully.
  • To print the entire data table, you may need to maximize your page format settings as follows:
Format Setting Value
Page Size Legal
Page Orientation Landscape
Font Type Any proportional font such as Line Printer, Arial, or Universe. A fixed font such as Times Roman or Courier will increase the required line length.
Font Size 8 point or smaller
Margins Left = 0"
Right = 0"
Actual margin width will be set to the lowest default value for your printer.

To Retrieve a Data Table into an ASCII Text Editor or Word-Processing Application

To retrieve the data table into either an ASCII text editor or word-processing application, proceed with the steps that you normally go through to open a text file or document.

If you are retrieving the data table into a word-processing application, you may be prompted to convert the file format. If yes, indicate that you are converting from "ASCII Text."

Tips for Retrieving a Data Table into a Word-Processing Application:
  • Once you've retrieved/imported the data table, immediately save it to disk before making any formatting changes. This will avoid the need to reimport it should you run into problems formatting the table. Remember to save the file in the native format of the spreadsheet/database package rather than as a text file.
  • Since the data columns are delimited with commas, you can search and replace all instances of commas with a Tab command. This will automatically align the columns for easier reading.
  • To view and/or print an entire data table, you may need to adjust the document's tab settings so that the columns display correctly. Also, you may need to maximize your page format settings as follows:
Format Setting Value
Page Size Legal
Page Orientation Landscape
Font Type Any proportional font such as Line Printer, Arial, or Universe. A fixed font such as Times Roman or Courier will increase the required line length.
Font Size 8 point or smaller
Margins Left = 0"
Right = 0"
Actual margin width will be set to the lowest default value for your printer.

Saturday, May 10, 2008

Some Tips For Online Trading

Stock trading is a very profitable business for many people. The key is to analyze the market trends and formulate smart strategies for them. Yes, education is needed if you are to realize real profits in stocks.

The following are a few tips to help you reap the rewards of stock trading:

1. Do your due diligence. Learn some trading strategies that others are using that are working for them and then work out your own trading strategy for your temperament.

2. Do your research. Get to know what companies make, what their management is like, how much capital they have, how much stock the owners have.

3. Don't get overly exuberant. If you see a stock that is taking off and everyone is jumping on the bandwagon...don't jump with them unless you've researched the stock or at least checked it out on a chart. You want to buy low and sell high. In other words buy a stock from a good company but buy that stock ON SALE.

4. Don't get greedy. Once you start to see some profits but think the stock will go higher - take some of your profits off the table and let the rest ride. This way you lower your risk while still giving yourself the potential to make more profits.

5. Develop a diverse portfolio for yourself. Don't put all your eggs in one basket by investing in one company. That's not wise even if the company is very profitable right now. Invest in small cap and large cap stocks in different industries. The big ones might move slowly, but the small ones will be the ones that will keep the money flowing.

6. Learn the market trends. There are many trends to watch but some could include a company that is about to turn around in the future, or a company that is an Initial Public Offering (IPO), or one that is getting ready to merge, or a company that has new products coming out. Any time a company is about to take a step in a positive direction is a good time to consider trading that company's stock.

7. Always use proper money management. Don't throw all your money into stock trading. Keep separate accounts, one for trading, one for long-term investments and another for savings.

8. In your trading account always determine how much risk you are willing to take with each trade before you make that trade. In other words, how much can you afford to lose in each trade without depleting your capital?

9. Don't trade with your emotions. If you're having a bad day. If your not feeling well. DON'T TRADE that day. There's always another day to trade and being in the right frame of mind is crucial so you don't make a stupid trading decision.

10. Treat trading like a business, keep good records, make decisions that are good for your "company".

Start small. Start safe. Your stock trading will eventually take you to the financial freedom you are looking for.

A way to start small and safe is with microcap stocks, forex or options since the outlay of capital is much, much lower. For a detailed review of some systems that can use to get you started making money trading stocks go here http://www.squidoo.com/tradingstocksmadeeasy

Mutual Fund Investment Companies Worldwide

There are lots of Mutual Fund Investment Companies all over the world. With the growing popularity of the investment it has become important to analyze the best companies but there is no particular criteria to base the analysis. With the help provided by the professionals and the financial advisers it has become very easy to invest in mutual funds and it has become the secured way to generate money. There are various types of mutual funds and there are three main that are income funds, growth funds and balanced funds.

As mutual funds are becoming most preferred investment portfolio it is important that you know exactly where to buy these instruments so that your hard earned money is in safe hands. If you are trying to invest in mutual funds of insurance companies then it will not prove to be very profitable. They don't sell the product directly but try to combine with other products. Banks also provide with mutual funds but in the form of loaded funds. So if you want to generate more income, trust the stockbrokers and the investment advisers.

While selecting a group that offers investment advices you should be very cautious and beware of the fake groups. Try to research online about the group and read the reviews and feedbacks of the users so that you get the idea of the benefits and the drawbacks of the group easily. With so many mutual fund investment companies and various options available in the market it becomes difficult to choose the right one. You should know clearly your financial goals before investing and choose the mutual fund investment companies to invest your money. In this way you will get maximum returns for your money.

Russell Clark owns and operates the popular website Trust-Deed-Investor.com

Understanding Mutual Fund Terms

Once you know the meaning of these terms, it will be a lot easier for you to understand what all those mutual fund consultants and financial managers are saying.

Expense Ratio

One of the most common mutual fund terms is expense ratio. What does it mean? Expense ratio simply means the cost to operate your fund. This includes administrative fees, management fees and other expenses related to fund operations. You will see the expense ratio in a form of percentage deducted from your earnings.

If you do not understand why a certain percentage is deducted from your earnings, ask you financial consultant or fund manager to explain to you the whole thing. It may be difficult for your fund manager to come up with an itemized list of expenses and their corresponding amount but he or she can give you a good idea of what fees were paid out of your earnings.

12b-1 Fee

The term "12b-1 fee" may sound weird to you but this term is something that you should not forget when you invest in mutual funds. The 12b-1 fee pays for your promotion, distribution and marketing expenses. Actually, that weird sounding term was derived from the law which created this fee. What effect does 12b-1 fee on you investment? The 12b-1 fee can lower your overall return so watch out for this one.

Alpha

You probable learned from school that alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the area of finance however, the mutual fund term alpha has nothing to do with the Greeks. The term alpha is a measure of the different in the fund's real return and its projected or expected return. For instance, a high alpha means that the fund is doing well and a low alpha is definite a cause for alarm. When you invest in, pay close attention to the alpha of your investment and make sure that it stays higher than 1.

Beta

Again, this term has nothing to do with the Greek alphabet. Beta represents the volatility of the funds. The beta is measured against the S7P 500 index. By nature, beta or the volatility of the funds can greatly affect the returns of your investment.

Richard Henderson runs his own internet marketing business from home. Check out these great Mutual Funds tips and articles or the more specific Mutual Funds Comparison articles and guides - http://www.mutualfundscomparison.com

Finding the Best Mutual Funds for You

It's obvious that any investor is going to want to be holding the best mutual funds. The problem is that most investors don't really have a clue as to what they expect from a mutual fund, and so don't have a plan to identify the best fund for their particular situation.

The will change from one investor to the next. We all have our particular situation to address. Factors like age, income, risk tolerance, years until retirement, and so on have a real impact on the expectations you have for your investments, and therefore the "best" fund for you.

For example, take a look at your risk tolerance. During the bear market years of 2000 through 2002 the Nasdaq 100 fell almost 80%, and the S&P 500 feel almost 50%. So to be fulling invested in only the equity markets would have exposed you to this kind of risk. If you were retired, or close to it, this kind of drop would be catastrophic. Conversely, if you were just out of school with 40 years until retirement and very little to invest right now, the prospect of that kind of drop would not seem as frightening, and might be tolerated in the hope that you could see the higher returns that equities have brought.

If you are looking for some kind of income stream out of these funds, because you are in retirement, then either fixed income funds or stock funds investing in high dividend yielding stocks could be a great choice. On the other hand, if you are currently in a higher tax bracket, more income may not be what you are looking for, but instead would be interested more in growth type investments that are likely to increase in value over time, but the results would be redeemed as a capital gains in later years.

We have information on some of the best ways to manage your mutual funds, including finding the best mutual funds.

Get more information regarding Fidelity mutual funds.

Investing in Mutual Funds

Investing money or assets comes from the Latin word vestis meant garment and the deed of things to put into pockets of some other people. Investing or investment is a term with several closely-related meanings in finance and economics, in association with saving the money. The deed is expected when an asset is usually purchased, or the equal money is deposited in a bank. The investment is made in hopes of getting returns or interest from it in the future. The advisors of mutual fund companies are required to execute the best through brokerage arrangements so that the commissions charged to the fund will not be a large amount for the investors. The process of buying and selling securities also has its own costs which are carried by the fund's shareholders along with these commisions.

Money from many investors is invested in stocks, bonds, short term investments and securities which is managed by good professionalists. This collective investment is called the mutual fund.The investors check at every point of gain or loss by the companies. The management fee, advisory fee along with administrative fees will be collected.

For the fund is usually synonymous with the contractual investment advisory fee charged for the management of a fund's investments.The fund manager trades with the securities and collects the dividens or the interest income. He then passes the message to the investors. The value of a share of the mutual fund, known as the net asset value per share.Everyday this is calculated based on the total value of the fund divided by the number of shares currently issued. The account contains the outstanding shares also. Many fund companies include administrative fees in the advisory fee component, when attempting to compare the total management expenses of different funds, it is helpful to define management fee as equal to the contractual advisory fee along with the contractual administrator fee. Contractual advisory fees may be structured as flat-rate fees which is the single fee charged to the fund, no matter what the asset value is.

Brokerage commissions are directly proportional to the rate of turnover per year i.e, higher the rate of the portfolio turnover, the higher the brokerage commissions. These commissions are additional to the investors and are in the operations terms. These are incorporated after three months into the price of the funds. Portfolio turnover refers to the number of times the fund's assets are bought and sold over the course of a year. Different kinds of securities are invested in mutual funds. Some are bonds, stock, cash etc.

1. Bond funds can vary according to risk ie, high-yield investment or corporate bonds issued by government agencies, corporations or municipalities and also short or long term bonds. Mutual funds which are of tax-free municipal bond income are also tax-free to the shareholder.

2. Stock funds can be invested primarily in the shares of a particular industry in a particular department known as sector funds. They may in research and development or administration etc. Mutual funds carrying taxable distributions can be either capital gain depending on how the fund earned those distributions.

Jon Elton owns and operates a Best Penny Stocks Picks website to help other investors with their stock decisions. He also operates a Home Based Business earn money online site to help entrepreneurs gain experience and wealth.